The Science Behind Monitoring
Here we provide a selection of papers and reports demonstrating the key challenges behind species monitoring and some of the proposed solutions to improve it.
Some recent monitoring papers from Group members
Addison, P.F.E., Stephenson, P.J., Bull, J.W., Carbone, G., Burgman, M., Burgass, M., Bubb, P., Gerber, L., Howard, P., McCormick, N., McRae, L., Reuter, K., Starkey, M.A. & Milner-Gulland, E.J. 2020. Bringing sustainability to life: A framework to guide biodiversity indicator development for business performance management. Business Strategy and the Environment. DOI: 10.1002/bse.2573
Bayraktarov, E., Ehmke, G., O'Connor, J., Burns, E.L., Nguyen, H.A., McRae, L., Possingham, H.P. & Lindenmayer, D.B. 2019. Do big unstructured biodiversity data mean more knowledge? Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 6: 239.
Brooks, T.M., Pimm, S.L., Akçakaya, H.R., Buchanan, G.M., Butchart, S.H., Foden, W., Hilton-Taylor, C., Hoffmann, M., Jenkins, C.N., Joppa, L., Li, B.V., Menon, V., Ocampo-Penuela, N & Rondini, C. 2019. Measuring terrestrial area of habitat (AOH) and its utility for the IUCN Red List. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 34(11): 977-986.
Durán, A.P., Green, J.M., West, C.D., Visconti, P., Burgess, N.D., Virah‐Sawmy, M. & Balmford, A., 2020. A practical approach to measuring the biodiversity impacts of land conversion. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 11(8): 910-921.
Fraixedas, S., Lindén, A., Piha, M., Cabeza, M., Gregory, R. & Lehikoinen, A. 2020. A state-of-the-art review on birds as indicators of biodiversity: Advances, challenges, and future directions. Ecological Indicators, 118 : 106728x.
Green, E.J., McRae, L., Freeman, R., Harfoot, M.B., Hill, S.L., Baldwin-Cantello, W. & Simonson, W.D. 2020. Below the canopy: global trends in forest vertebrate populations and their drivers. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 287(1928): 20200533.
Hochkirch, A., Samways, M.J., Gerlach, J., Böhm, M., Williams, P., Cardoso, P., Cumberlidge, N., Stephenson, P.J., Seddon, M.B., Clausnitzer, V., Borges, P.A.V., Mueller, G.M., Pearce-Kelly, P., Raimondo, D.C. & Dijkstra K.-D.B. 2020. A strategy for the next decade to address data deficiency in neglected biodiversity. Conservation Biology. DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13589
Kays, R., Arbogast, B.S., Baker‐Whatton, M., Beirne, C., Boone, H.M., Bowler, M., Burneo, S.F., Cove, M.V., Ding, P., Espinosa, S., Gonçalves, A.L.S., Hansen, C.P., Jansen, P.A., Kolowski, J.M., Knowles, T.W., Moreira Lima, M.G., Millspaugh, J., McShea, W.J., Pacifici, K., Parsons, A.W., Pease, B.S., Rovero, F., Santos, F., Schuttler, S.G., Sheil, D., Si, X., Snider, M & Spironello, W.R. 2020. An empirical evaluation of camera trap study design: How many, how long and when? Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 11: 700-713.
Stephenson, P.J. 2019. Integrating remote sensing into wildlife monitoring for conservation. Environmental Conservation, 46: 181-183.
Stephenson, P.J. 2020. Technological advances in biodiversity monitoring: applicability, opportunities and challenges. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 45: 36-41. DOI: 10.1016/j.cosust.2020.08.005
Stephenson, P.J., Ntiamoa-Baidu, Y. & Simaika, J.P. 2020. The use of traditional and modern tools for monitoring wetlands biodiversity in Africa: challenges and opportunities. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 8: 61. DOI: 10.3389/fenvs.2020.00061
Stephenson, P.J., Workman, C., Grace, M.K. & Long, B. 2020. Testing the IUCN Green List of Species. Oryx, 54(1): 10-11. DOI: 10.1017/S0030605319001200
Addison, P.F.E., Stephenson, P.J., Bull, J.W., Carbone, G., Burgman, M., Burgass, M., Bubb, P., Gerber, L., Howard, P., McCormick, N., McRae, L., Reuter, K., Starkey, M.A. & Milner-Gulland, E.J. 2020. Bringing sustainability to life: A framework to guide biodiversity indicator development for business performance management. Business Strategy and the Environment. DOI: 10.1002/bse.2573
Bayraktarov, E., Ehmke, G., O'Connor, J., Burns, E.L., Nguyen, H.A., McRae, L., Possingham, H.P. & Lindenmayer, D.B. 2019. Do big unstructured biodiversity data mean more knowledge? Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 6: 239.
Brooks, T.M., Pimm, S.L., Akçakaya, H.R., Buchanan, G.M., Butchart, S.H., Foden, W., Hilton-Taylor, C., Hoffmann, M., Jenkins, C.N., Joppa, L., Li, B.V., Menon, V., Ocampo-Penuela, N & Rondini, C. 2019. Measuring terrestrial area of habitat (AOH) and its utility for the IUCN Red List. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 34(11): 977-986.
Durán, A.P., Green, J.M., West, C.D., Visconti, P., Burgess, N.D., Virah‐Sawmy, M. & Balmford, A., 2020. A practical approach to measuring the biodiversity impacts of land conversion. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 11(8): 910-921.
Fraixedas, S., Lindén, A., Piha, M., Cabeza, M., Gregory, R. & Lehikoinen, A. 2020. A state-of-the-art review on birds as indicators of biodiversity: Advances, challenges, and future directions. Ecological Indicators, 118 : 106728x.
Green, E.J., McRae, L., Freeman, R., Harfoot, M.B., Hill, S.L., Baldwin-Cantello, W. & Simonson, W.D. 2020. Below the canopy: global trends in forest vertebrate populations and their drivers. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 287(1928): 20200533.
Hochkirch, A., Samways, M.J., Gerlach, J., Böhm, M., Williams, P., Cardoso, P., Cumberlidge, N., Stephenson, P.J., Seddon, M.B., Clausnitzer, V., Borges, P.A.V., Mueller, G.M., Pearce-Kelly, P., Raimondo, D.C. & Dijkstra K.-D.B. 2020. A strategy for the next decade to address data deficiency in neglected biodiversity. Conservation Biology. DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13589
Kays, R., Arbogast, B.S., Baker‐Whatton, M., Beirne, C., Boone, H.M., Bowler, M., Burneo, S.F., Cove, M.V., Ding, P., Espinosa, S., Gonçalves, A.L.S., Hansen, C.P., Jansen, P.A., Kolowski, J.M., Knowles, T.W., Moreira Lima, M.G., Millspaugh, J., McShea, W.J., Pacifici, K., Parsons, A.W., Pease, B.S., Rovero, F., Santos, F., Schuttler, S.G., Sheil, D., Si, X., Snider, M & Spironello, W.R. 2020. An empirical evaluation of camera trap study design: How many, how long and when? Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 11: 700-713.
Stephenson, P.J. 2019. Integrating remote sensing into wildlife monitoring for conservation. Environmental Conservation, 46: 181-183.
Stephenson, P.J. 2020. Technological advances in biodiversity monitoring: applicability, opportunities and challenges. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 45: 36-41. DOI: 10.1016/j.cosust.2020.08.005
Stephenson, P.J., Ntiamoa-Baidu, Y. & Simaika, J.P. 2020. The use of traditional and modern tools for monitoring wetlands biodiversity in Africa: challenges and opportunities. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 8: 61. DOI: 10.3389/fenvs.2020.00061
Stephenson, P.J., Workman, C., Grace, M.K. & Long, B. 2020. Testing the IUCN Green List of Species. Oryx, 54(1): 10-11. DOI: 10.1017/S0030605319001200
Sample References on Monitoring and Measures, Challenges and Solutions
2010 Biodiversity Indicators Partnership 2010. Guidance for National Biodiversity Indicator Development and Use. UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK.
Ahumada, J.A., Silva, C.E., Gajapersad, K., Hallam, C., Hurtado, J., Martin, E. et al. 2011. Community structure and diversity of tropical forest mammals: data from a global camera trap network. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 366(1578): 2703-2711.
Akçakaya, H.R., Bennett, E.L., Brooks, T.M., Grace, M.K., Heath, A., Hedges, S. et al. 2018. Quantifying species recovery and conservation success to develop an IUCN Green List of Species. Conservation Biology. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13112
Allan, J.R., Venter, O., Maxwell, S., Bertzky, B., Jones, K., Shi, Y. & Watson, J.E. 2017. Recent increases in human pressure and forest loss threaten many Natural World Heritage Sites. Biological Conservation, 206: 47-55.
Alvarez-Berríos, N., Campos-Cerqueira, M., Hernández-Serna, A., Amanda Delgado, C.J., Román-Dañobeytia, F. & Aide, T.M., 2016. Impacts of small-scale gold mining on birds and anurans near the Tambopata Natural Reserve, Peru, assessed using passive acoustic monitoring. Tropical Conservation Science, 9(2): 832-851.
Amano, T., Lamming, J.D. & Sutherland, W.J., 2016. Spatial gaps in global biodiversity information and the role of citizen science. BioScience, 66: 393-400.
Barnes, M. D., Craigie, I. D., Harrison, L. B., Geldmann, J., Collen, B., Whitmee, S. et al. 2016. Wildlife population trends in protected areas predicted by national socio-economic metrics and body size. Nature Communications, 7: 12747.
Beaudrot, L., Ahumada, J.A., O'Brien, T., Alvarez-Loayza, P., Boekee, K., Campos-Arceiz, A. et al. 2016. Standardized assessment of biodiversity trends in tropical forest protected areas: The end is not in sight. PLoS Biology, 14(1): e1002357.
Beck, J., Böller, M., Erhardt, A. & Schwanghart, W. 2014. Spatial bias in the GBIF database and its effect on modeling species' geographic distributions. Ecological Informatics, 19: 10-15.
Bertzky, M., & Stoll-Kleemann, S. 2009. Multi-level discrepancies with sharing data on protected areas: What we have and what we need for the global village. Journal of Environmental Management, 90(1): 8-24.
Biggs, J., Ewald, N., Valentini, A., Gaboriaud, C., Dejean, T., Griffiths, R.A., Foster, J., Wilkinson, J.W., Arnell, A., Brotherton, P. & Williams, P., 2015. Using eDNA to develop a national citizen science-based monitoring programme for the great crested newt (Triturus cristatus). Biological Conservation, 183: 19-28.
Bingham, H.C., Doudin, M., Weatherdon, L.V., Despot-Belmonte, K., Wetzel, F.T., Groom, Q., et al. 2017. The biodiversity informatics landscape: elements, connections and opportunities. Research Ideas and Outcomes, 3: e14059. doi: 10.3897/rio.3.e14059
Blumstein, D.T., Mennill, D.J., Clemins, P., Girod, L., Yao, K., Patricelli, G., et al. 2011. Acoustic monitoring in terrestrial environments using microphone arrays: applications, technological considerations and prospectus. Journal of Applied Ecology, 48: 758-767.
Bohmann, K., Evans, A., Gilbert, M.T.P., Carvalho, G.R., Creer, S., Knapp, M., Douglas, W.Y. & De Bruyn, M. 2014. Environmental DNA for wildlife biology and biodiversity monitoring. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 29(6): 358-367.
Borges, P.A.V., Cardoso, P., Kreft, H., Whittaker, R.J., Fattorini, S., Emerson, B.C. et al. 2018. Global Island Monitoring Scheme (GIMS): a proposal for the long‑term coordinated survey and monitoring of native island forest biota. Biodiversity & Conservation, 27(10): 2567-2586.
Borges, P.A.V., Gabriel, R., Arroz, A., Costa, A., Cunha, R., Silva, L. et al. 2010. The Azorean Biodiversity Portal: an internet database for regional biodiversity outreach. Systematics and Biodiversity, 8: 423-434.
Borges, P.A.V., Pimentel, R., Carvalho, R., Nunes, R., Wallon, S. & Ros Prieto, A. 2017. Seasonal dynamics of arthropods in the humid native forests of Terceira Island (Azores). Arquipelago Life and Marine Sciences, 34: 105-122.
Bowler, M.T., Tobler, M.W., Endress, B.A., Gilmore, M.P. & Anderson, M.J. 2017. Estimating mammalian species richness and occupancy in tropical forest canopies with arboreal camera traps. Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation, 3(3): 146-157.
Brooks, T.M., Akçakaya, H.R., Burgess, N.D., Butchart, S.H., Hilton-Taylor, C., Hoffmann, M. et al. 2016. Analysing biodiversity and conservation knowledge products to support regional environmental assessments. Scientific Data, 3: 1600007. DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2016.7.
Brooks, T. M., Butchart, S. H., Cox, N. A., Heath, M., Hilton-Taylor, C., et al. 2015. Harnessing biodiversity and conservation knowledge products to track the Aichi Targets and Sustainable Development Goals. Biodiversity, 16(2-3): 157-174.
Brown, C., Reyers, B., Ingwall-King, L., Mapendembe, A., Nel, J., O'Farrell, P. et al. 2014. Measuring ecosystem services: Guidance on developing ecosystem service indicators. Cambridge: UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre.
Bubb, P., Chenery, A., Herkenrath, P., Kapos, V., Mapendembe, A., Stanwell‐Smith, D., & Walpole M. 2011. National Indicators, Monitoring and Reporting for the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020: a review of experience and recommendations in support of the CBD ad hoc technical expert group (AHTEG) on indicators for the strategic plan 2011-2020. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK.
Buchanan, G.M., Fishpool, L.D.C., Evans, M.I. & Butchart, S.H.M. 2013. Comparing field-based monitoring and remote-sensing, using deforestation from logging at Important Bird Areas as a case study. Biological Conservation, 167: 334–38.
Buckland, S.T. & Johnston, A. 2017. Monitoring the biodiversity of regions: Key principles and possible pitfalls. Biological Conservation, 214: 23-34.
Bush, A., Sollmann, R., Wilting, A., Bohmann, K., Cole, B., Balzter, H., et al. 2017. Connecting Earth observation to high-throughput biodiversity data. Nature Ecology & Evolution. DOI:10.1038/s41559-017-0176.
Butchart, S. H. M., Akçakaya, H.R., Kennedy, E. & Hilton-Taylor, C. 2006. Biodiversity indicators based on trends in conservation status: strengths of the IUCN Red List Index. Conservation Biology, 20: 579 – 581.
Butchart, S. H. M., Walpole, M., Collen, B., van Strien, A., Scharlemann, J. P. W., Almond, R.E.A., et al. 2010. Global biodiversity: indicators of recent declines. Science, 328: 1164-1168.
Campos‐Cerqueira, M. & Aide, T.M., 2016. Improving distribution data of threatened species by combining acoustic monitoring and occupancy modelling. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 7(11): 1340-1348.
Cardoso P. 2009. Standardization and optimization of arthropod inventories – the case of Iberian spiders. Biodiversity & Conservation, 18: 3949-3962.
Chandler, M., See, L., Buesching, C.D., Cousins, J.A., Gillies, C., Kays, R.W., et al. 2017. Involving citizen scientists in biodiversity observation. Pp. 211-237 in Walters, M. & Scholes, R.J. (eds.), The GEO Handbook on Biodiversity Observation Networks. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland.
Chape, S., Harrison, J., Spalding, M. & Lysenko, I. 2005. Measuring the extent and effectiveness of protected areas as an indicator for meeting global biodiversity targets. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 360(1454): 443–455.
Chauvenet, A.L., Gill, R.M., Smith, G.C., Ward, A.I. & Massei, G., 2017. Quantifying the bias in density estimated from distance sampling and camera trapping of unmarked individuals. Ecological Modelling, 350: 79-86.
Christie, K.S., Gilbert, S.L., Brown, C.L., Hatfield, M. & Hanson, L., 2016. Unmanned aircraft systems in wildlife research: current and future applications of a transformative technology. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 14(5): 241-251.
CMP 2013. Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation, Version 3. Conservation Measures Partnership, Bethesda, USA.
Coad, L., Leverington, F., Burgess, N.D., Cuadros, I.C., Geldmann, J., Marthews, T.R., et al. 2013. Progress towards the CBD protected area management effectiveness targets. Parks, 19 (1): 13-24.
Coad, L., Leverington, F., Knights, K., Geldmann, J., Eassom, A., Kapos, V. et al. 2015. Measuring impact of protected area management interventions: current and future use of the Global Database of Protected Area Management Effectiveness. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 370(1681): 20140281.
Collen, B., Ram, M., Zamin, T., & McRae, L. 2008.The tropical biodiversity data gap: addressing disparity in global monitoring: addressing disparity in global monitoring. Tropical Conservation Science, 1(2): 97-110.
Collen, B. E. N., Loh, J., Whitmee, S., McRae, L., Amin, R., & Baillie, J. E. 2009. Monitoring change in vertebrate abundance: the Living Planet Index. Conservation Biology, 23(2), 317-327.
Collen, B., McRae, L., Nicholson, E., Craigie, I.D., Milner-Gulland, E.J., Loh, J. & Whitmee, S. 2016. Species population trends in protected areas. Pp 107-121 in L.N. Joppa, J.E.M. Baillie & J.G. Robinson (eds.), Protected Areas: Are They Safeguarding Biodiversity? John Wile & Sons, Chichester, UK.
Collen, B., Whitton, F., Dyer, E.E., Baillie, J.E., Cumberlidge, N., Darwall, W.R., et al. 2014. Global patterns of freshwater species diversity, threat and endemism. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 23: 40-51.
Collett, R.A. & Fisher, D.O. 2017. Time‐lapse camera trapping as an alternative to pitfall trapping for estimating activity of leaf litter arthropods. Ecology and Evolution, 7(18): 7527-7533.
Cooke, S.J., Nguyen, V.M., Kessel, S.T., Hussey, N.E., Young, N. & Ford, A.T., 2017. Troubling issues at the frontier of animal tracking for conservation and management. Conservation Biology. DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12895.
Craigie, I. D., Barnes, M. D., Geldmann, J., & Woodley, S. (2015). International funding agencies: potential leaders of impact evaluation in protected areas? Philosophical Transactions Royal Society B, 370(1681): 20140283.
Crees, J.J., Collins, A.C., Stephenson, P.J., Meredith, H.M., Young, R.P., Howe, C. et al. 2016.A comparative approach to assess drivers of success in mammalian conservation recovery programs. Conservation Biology, 30: 694-705.
Danielsen, F., Pirhofer‐Walzl, K., Adrian, T.P., Kapijimpanga, D.R., Burgess, N.D., Jensen, P.M., et al. 2014. Linking public participation in scientific research to the indicators and needs of international environmental agreements. Conservation Letters, 7: 12–24.
Davies, T. E., Fazey, I.R.A., Cresswell, W. & Pettorelli, N. 2013. Missing the trees for the wood: why we are failing to see success in pro-poor conservation. Animal Conservation, 17: 303–312.
Deichmann, J. L., Hernández-Serna, A., Campos-Cerqueira, M., & Aide, T. M. 2017. Soundscape analysis and acoustic monitoring document impacts of natural gas exploration on biodiversity in a tropical forest. Ecological indicators, 74: 39-48.
Deiner, K., Fronhofer, E.A., Mächler, E., Walser, J.C. & Altermatt, F., 2016. Environmental DNA reveals that rivers are conveyer belts of biodiversity information. Nature Communications, 7; 12544.
Després‐Einspenner, M.L., Howe, E.J., Drapeau, P. & Kühl, H.S., 2017. An empirical evaluation of camera trapping and spatially explicit capture‐recapture models for estimating chimpanzee density. American Journal of Primatology, 79(7): e22647.
Fegraus, E.H., Lin, K., Ahumada, J.A., Baru, C., Chandra, S. & Youn, C., 2011. Data acquisition and management software for camera trap data: A case study from the TEAM Network. Ecological Informatics, 6(6): 345-353.
Ficetola, G. F., Romano, A., Salvidio, S., & Sindaco, R. (2017). Optimizing monitoring schemes to detect trends in abundance over broad scales. Animal Conservation, 21(3): 221-231.
Foote, A.D., Thomsen, P.F., Sveegaard, S., Wahlberg, M., Kielgast, J., Kyhn, L.A. et al. 2012. Investigating the potential use of environmental DNA (eDNA) for genetic monitoring of marine mammals. PloS One, 7(8): p.e41781.
Foster, M.N., Brooks, T.M., Cuttelod, A., De Silva, N., Fishpool, L.D., Radford, E.A. & Woodley, S. 2012. The identification of sites of biodiversity conservation significance: progress with the application of a global standard. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 4(8): 2733-2744.
Garcia-Alaniz, N., Equihua, M., Pérez-Maqueo, O., Benítez, J.E., Maeda, P., Urrutia, F.P. et al. 2017. The Mexican national biodiversity and ecosystem degradation monitoring system. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 26: 62-68.
Geldmann, J., Barnes, M., Coad, L., Craigie, I. D., Hockings, M., & Burgess, N.D. 2013. Effectiveness of terrestrial protected areas in reducing habitat loss and population declines. Biological Conservation, 161: 230-238.
Geller, G.N., Halpin, P.N., Helmuth, B., Hestir, E.L., Skidmore, A., Abrams, M.J., Aguirre, N., Blair, M., Botha, E., Colloff, M. & Dawson, T. 2017. Remote sensing for biodiversity. Pp. 187-210 in Walters, M. & Scoles, R.J. (eds.), The GEO Handbook on Biodiversity Observation Networks. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland.
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Halpern, B. S., Longo, C., Hardy, D., McLeod, K. L., Samhouri, J. F., Katona, S. K., et al. 2012. An index to assess the health and benefits of the global ocean. Nature, 488(7413): 615-620.
Han, X., Smyth, R.L., Young, B.E., Brooks, T.M., de Lozada, A.S., Bubb, P., et al. 2014. A biodiversity indicators dashboard: Addressing challenges to monitoring progress towards the Aichi Biodiversity Targets using disaggregated global data. PloS One, 9(11): e112046.
Hänfling, B., Lawson Handley, L., Read, D.S., Hahn, C., Li, J., Nichols, P. et al. 2016. Environmental DNA metabarcoding of lake fish communities reflects long‐term data from established survey methods. Molecular Ecology, 25(13): 3101-3119.
Hansen, M. C., Potapov, P. V., Moore, R., Hancher, M., Turubanova, S. A., Tyukavina, A., et al. 2013. High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change. Science, 342(6160): 850-853.
Hayhow, D.B., Burns, F., Eaton, M.A., Al Fulaij, N., August, T.A., Babey, L. et al. 2016. State of Nature 2016. The State of Nature Partnership, UK.
Herrando, S., Brotons, L., Anton, M., Paramo, F., Villero, D., Titeux, N. et al. 2016. Assessing impacts of land abandonment on Mediterranean biodiversity using indicators based on bird and butterfly monitoring data. Environmental Conservation, 43(1): 69-78.
Hird, J.N., Montaghi, A., McDermid, G.J., Kariyeva, J., Moorman, B.J., Nielsen, S.E. & McIntosh, A. 2017. Use of unmanned aerial vehicles for monitoring recovery of forest vegetation on petroleum well sites. Remote Sensing, 9(5): 413.
Hobi, M.L., Dubinin, M., Graham, C.H., Coops, N.C., Clayton, M.K., Pidgeon, A.M. & Radeloff, V.C. 2017. A comparison of Dynamic Habitat Indices derived from different MODIS products as predictors of avian species richness. Remote Sensing of Environment, 195: 142-152.
Hoffmann, A., Penner, J., Vohland, K., Cramer, W., Doubleday, R., Henle, K., et al. 2014. Improved access to integrated biodiversity data for science, practice, and policy - the European Biodiversity Observation Network (EU BON). Nature Conservation, 6: 49-65.
Hoffmann, M., Duckworth, J. W., Holmes, K., Mallon, D. P., Rodrigues, A. S., & Stuart, S. N. 2015. The difference conservation makes to extinction risk of the world's ungulates. Conservation Biology, 9 (5): 1303-1313.
Hofmeester, T.R., Rowcliffe, J.M. & Jansen, P.A., 2017. A simple method for estimating the effective detection distance of camera traps. Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation, 3(2): 81-89.
Howe, E.J., Buckland, S.T., Després‐Einspenner, M.L. & Kühl, H.S., 2017. Distance sampling with camera traps. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 8(11): 1558-1565.
Ishige, T., Miya, M., Ushio, M., Sado, T., Ushioda, M., Maebashi, K. et al. 2017. Tropical-forest mammals as detected by environmental DNA at natural saltlicks in Borneo. Biological Conservation, 210: 281-285.
Jetz, W., McPherson, J.M. & Guralnick, R.P., 2012. Integrating biodiversity distribution knowledge: toward a global map of life. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 27: 151-159.
Jones, J.P., Collen, B.E.N., Atkinson, G., Baxter, P.W., Bubb, P., Illian, J.B. et al. 2011. The why, what, and how of global biodiversity indicators beyond the 2010 target. Conservation Biology, 25(3): 450-457.
Juffe-Bignoli, D., Brooks, T.M., Butchart, S.H., Jenkins, R.B., Boe, K., Hoffmann, M. et al. 2016. Assessing the cost of global biodiversity and conservation knowledge. PloS One, 11(8): e0160640.
Juffe-Bignoli, D., Burgess, N.D., Bingham, H., Belle, E.M.S., de Lima, M.G., Deguignet, M., et al. 2014. Protected Planet Report 2014. UNEP-WCMC: Cambridge, UK.
Kalan, A.K., Piel, A.K., Mundry, R., Wittig, R.M., Boesch, C. & Kühl, H.S., 2016. Passive acoustic monitoring reveals group ranging and territory use: a case study of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Frontiers in zoology, 13(1): 34.
Kilpatrick, A.M., Salkeld, D.J., Titcomb, G. & Hahn, M.B., 2017. Conservation of biodiversity as a strategy for improving human health and well-being. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 372(1722): p.20160131.
Kissling, W.D., Hardisty, A., García, E.A., Santamaria, M., De Leo, F., Pesole, G. et al. 2015. Towards global interoperability for supporting biodiversity research on essential biodiversity variables (EBVs). Biodiversity, 16(2-3): 99-107.
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